Packages

Packages aim to encompass functionalities that are more closely aligned with the characteristics and capabilities of realms, as opposed to standard libraries. As opposed to realms, they are stateless.

The full list of pre-deployed available packages can be found under the demo package. Below are some of the most commonly used packages.

avl

In Go, the classic key/value data type is represented by the map construct. However, while Gno also supports the use of map, it is not a viable option as it lacks determinism due to its non-sequential nature.

To address this issue, Gno implements the AVL Tree (Adelson-Velsky-Landis Tree) as a solution. The AVL Tree is a self-balancing binary search tree.

The avl package comprises a set of functions that can manipulate the leaves and nodes of the AVL Tree.

grc20

Gno includes an implementation of the erc20 fungible token standard referred to as grc20. The interfaces of grc20 are as follows:

func TotalSupply() uint64
func BalanceOf(account std.Address) uint64
func Transfer(to std.Address, amount uint64)
func Approve(spender std.Address, amount uint64)
func TransferFrom(from, to std.Address, amount uint64)
func Allowance(owner, spender std.Address) uint64

The role of each function is as follows:

• TotalSupply: Returns the total supply of the token.
• BalanceOf: Returns the balance of tokens of an account.
• Transfer: Transfers specific amount of tokens from the caller of the function to the to address.
• Approve: Grants the spender(also referred to as operator) with the ability to send specific amount of the caller's (also referred to as owner) tokens on behalf of the caller.
• TransferFrom: Can be called by the operator to send specific amount of owner's tokens from the owner's address to the to address.
• Allowance: Returns the number of tokens approved to the spender by the owner.

Two types of contracts exist ingrc20:

1. AdminToken\ - Implements the token factory with Helper functions.\ - The underlying struct should not be exposed to users. However, it can be typecasted as UserToken using the GRC20() method.
2. UserToken\ - Implements the IGRC20 interface.\ - The underlying struct can be exposed to users. Created with the GRC20() method of adminToken.

grc721

Gno includes an implementation of the erc721 non-fungible token standard referred to as grc721. The interfaces of grc721 are as follows:

// functions that work similarly to those of grc20
func BalanceOf(owner std.Address) (uint64, error)
func Approve(approved std.Address, tid TokenID) error
func TransferFrom(from, to std.Address, tid TokenID) error

// functions unique to grc721
func OwnerOf(tid TokenID) (std.Address, error)
func SafeTransferFrom(from, to std.Address, tid TokenID) error
func SetApprovalForAll(operator std.Address, approved bool) error
func GetApproved(tid TokenID) (std.Address, error)
func IsApprovedForAll(owner, operator std.Address) bool

grc721 contains a new set of functions:

• OwnerOf: Returns the owner's address of a token specified by its TokenID.
• SafeTransferFrom: Equivalent to the TransferFrom function of grc20.
  • The Safe prefix indicates that the function runs a check to ensure that the to address is a valid address that can receive tokens.
  • As you can see from the code, the concept of Safe has yet to be implemented.
• SetApprovalForAll: Approves all tokens owned by the owner to an operator.
  • You may not set multiple operators.
• GetApproved: Returns the address of the operator for a token, specified with its ID.
• IsApprovedForAll: Returns if all NFTs of the owner have been approved to the operator.

testutils

The testutils package contains a set of functions that comes in handy when testing realms. The sample function below is the commonly used TestAddress function that generates a random address.

func TestAddress(name string) std.Address {
    if len(name) > std.RawAddressSize {
        panic("address name cannot be greater than std.AddressSize bytes")
    }
    addr := std.RawAddress{}
    // TODO: use strings.RepeatString or similar.
    // NOTE: I miss python's "".Join().
    blanks := "____________________"
    copy(addr[:], []byte(blanks))
    copy(addr[:], []byte(name))
    return std.Address(std.EncodeBech32("g", addr))
}

The code takes the name as the input and creates a random address. Below is a list of examples where it's used in the test case of the foo20 realm.

admin := users.AddressOrName("g1tntwtvzrkt2gex69f0pttan0fp05zmeg5yykv8")
test2 := users.AddressOrName(testutils.TestAddress("test2"))
recv := users.AddressOrName(testutils.TestAddress("recv"))
normal := users.AddressOrName(testutils.TestAddress("normal"))
owner := users.AddressOrName(testutils.TestAddress("owner"))
spender := users.AddressOrName(testutils.TestAddress("spender"))
recv2 := users.AddressOrName(testutils.TestAddress("recv2"))
mibu := users.AddressOrName(testutils.TestAddress("mint_burn"))